Web App Manifest | What is Manifest JSON?

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Latest published version:
https://www.w3.org/TR/appmanifest/
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https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-appmanifest-20131217/
Editors:
Marcos Caceres (Mozilla Corporation )
Kenneth Rohde Christiansen (Intel Corporation )
Mounir Lamouri (Google Inc. )
Anssi Kostiainen (Intel Corporation )
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Web App Manifest | What is Manifest JSON?

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Web App Manifest | manifest.json

Abstract

This specification defines a JSON-based manifest file that provides developers with a centralized place to put metadata associated with a web application. This metadata includes, but is not limited to, the web application's name, links to icons, as well as the preferred URL to open when a user launches the web application. The manifest also allows developers to declare a default orientation for their web application, as well as providing the ability to set the display mode for the application (e.g., in fullscreen). Additionally, the manifest allows a developer to "scope" a web application to a URL. This restricts the URLs to which the manifest is applied and provides a means to "deep link" into a web application from other applications.

Using this metadata, user agents can provide developers with means to create user experiences that are more comparable to that of a native application.

To associate documents of a web application with a manifest, this specification defines the manifest link type as a declarative means for a document to be associated with a manifest.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

Warning

Implementors need to be aware that this specification is not stable. However, aspects of this specification are shipping in at least one browser (see links to implementation status at the top of this document). Implementors who are not taking part in the discussions will find the specification changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in implementing this specification before it eventually reaches the Candidate Recommendation phase should subscribe to the repository on GitHub and take part in the discussions.

This document was published by the Web Platform Working Group as a Working Draft . This document is intended to become a W3C Recommendation.

Comments regarding this document are welcome. Please send them to public-webapps @w3.org (archives) .

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

This document is governed by the 1 March 2019 W3C Process Document.

1. Usage Examples

This section is non-normative.

This section shows how developers can make use of the various features of this specification.

1.1 Example manifest

This section is non-normative.

The following shows a typical manifest.

Example 1 : typical manifest
{
 "lang": "en",
 "dir": "ltr",
 "name": "Super Racer 2000",
 "description": "The ultimate futuristic racing game from the future!",
 "short_name": "Racer2K",
 "icons": [{
 "src": "icon/lowres.webp",
 "sizes": "64x64",
 "type": "image/webp"
 },{
 "src": "icon/lowres.png",
 "sizes": "64x64"
 }, {
 "src": "icon/hd_hi",
 "sizes": "128x128"
 }],
 "scope": "/racer/",
 "start_url": "/racer/start.html",
 "display": "fullscreen",
 "orientation": "landscape",
 "theme_color": "aliceblue",
 "background_color": "red"
}

2. Installable web applications

A common use case of a manifest is for a user agent to install a web application; whereby the user agent provides the end-user with a means of instantiating a new top-level browsing context that has the manifest's members applied to it. That is, the manifest's members, or their defaults, are in effect on the top-level browsing context. This distinguishes an installed web application from a traditional bookmark, as opening a web page from a traditional bookmark will not have the manifest's properties applied to it.

For example, on user agents that support installation, a web application could be presented and launched in a way that, to the end-user, is indistinguishable from native applications: such as appearing as a labeled icon on the home screen, launcher, or start menu. When launched, the manifest is applied by the user agent to the top-level browsing context prior to the start URL being loaded. This gives the user agent time to apply the relevant values of the manifest, possibly changing the display mode and screen orientation of the web application. Alternatively, and again as an example, the user agent could install the web application into a list of bookmarks within the user agent itself.

An end-user can manually trigger the installation process through the browser's UI. Alternatively, the installation process can occur through an automated install prompt: that is, a UI that the user agent presents to the user when, for instance, there are sufficient installability signals to warrant installation of the web application.

2.1 Authority of the manifest's metadata

When a manifest is linked from a Document, it indicates to the user agent that the metadata is authoritative: that is, the user agent SHOULD use the metadata of the manifest instead of the one in the Document. However, in cases where metadata is missing, or in error, a user agent MAY fallback to the Document to find suitable replacements for missing manifest members (e.g., using application-name in place of short_name).

2.2 Application's name

The application's name is derived from either the name member or short_name member (if either is present) - otherwise, it is generated by the user agent or provided by the end-user.

When either member is missing from the manifest, a user agent MAY use the name member as a fallback for the short_name member or vice versa.

If the name and short_name members are undefined, the user agent SHOULD assign a default name (e.g., "Untitled"). Alternatively, a user agent MAY allow the end-user to input some text that can serve as the application's name.

When both the name and short_name members are present, it is left up to implementations to decide which member is best suited for the space available (e.g., the short_name member might be better suited for the space available underneath an icon).

2.3 Installation process

An installation process is an attempt by the user agent to install a web application. The details of such a process (i.e., the display of an install UI, and any resulting IO operations of the host OS) are left up to implementers. Implementers need to be aware that there are privacy and security considerations that directly relate to the installation process.

For the purpose of this specification, the installation succeeded once the installation process succeeds in installing the web application (e.g., an icon was successfully placed onto the device's homescreen). If the end-user cancels the installation process (even if they manually triggered it, and then changed their minds), then the installation was canceled. Otherwise, the installation failed. Reasons for installation failure can include, for example, the OS denying permission to the user agent to add an icon to the homescreen of the device and the end-user rejecting the installation.

2.4 Installation

The steps to install the web application are given by the following algorithm:

  1. Let window be the Window object of the top-level browsing context for which the user agent will attempt installation.
  2. Asynchronously, instantiate an installation process.
  3. Let manifest be the result of asynchronously obtaining the manifest.
  4. If obtaining the manifest results in an error, a user agent can, at this point, fall back to using the top-level browsing context' Document's metadata to create an installation process.
  5. If the installation succeeded, fire an event named install at the window object.

2.5 Manual installation

In the case that the end-user manually triggered the installation process, the user agent MUST run the steps to install the web application.

2.6 Privacy and security considerations

During the installation process, it is RECOMMENDED that the user agent allow the user to inspect the icon, name, start URL, origin, etc. pertaining to a web application. This is to give a user an opportunity to make a conscious decision about to approve, and possibly modify, the information pertaining to the web application before installing it. This also gives the user an opportunity to see if the user agent is spoofing another web application, by, for example, using an unexpected icon or name.

It is RECOMMENDED that user agents prevent other applications from determining which applications are installed on the system (e.g., via a timing attack on the user agent's cache). This could be done by, for example, invalidating from the user agent's cache the resources linked to from the manifest (for example, icons) after a web application is installed - or by using an entirely different cache from that used for regular web browsing.

2.7 Installability signals

This section is non-normative.

By design, this specification does not provide developers with an explicit API to "install" a web application. Instead, a manifest can serve as an installability signal to a user agent that a web application can be installed.

Examples of installability signals for a web application:

This list is not exhaustive and some installability signals might not apply to all user agents. How a user agent makes use of these installability signals to determine if a web application can be installed is left to implementers.

3. Installation Events

3.1 AppInstallEventHandlers mixin

The AppInstallEventHandlers mixin defines the event handler attributes on which events relating to the installation of a web application are fired.

[NoInterfaceObject, exposed=(Window)]
interface AppInstallEventHandlers {
 attribute EventHandler oninstall;
};
Window implements AppInstallEventHandlers;

This example shows two ways of handling the install event.

function handleInstall(ev){
 const date = new Date(ev.timeStamp / 1000);
 console.log(`Yay! Our app got installed at ${date.toTimeString()}`);
}
// Using the event handler IDL attribute
window.oninstall = handleInstall;
// Using .addEventListener()
window.addEventListener("install", handleInstall);

3.1.1 oninstall attribute

oninstall is an event handler IDL attribute for the "install" event type.

5. Display modes

A display mode represents how the web application is being presented within the context of an OS (e.g., in fullscreen, etc.). Display modes correspond to user interface (UI) metaphors and functionality in use on a given platform. The UI conventions of the display modes are purely advisory and implementers are free to interpret them how they best see fit.

Once a user agent applies a particular display mode to an application context, it becomes the default display mode for the top-level browsing context (i.e., it is used as the display mode when the window is navigated). The user agent MAY override the default display mode for security reasons (e.g., the top-level browsing context is navigated to another origin) and/or the user agent MAY provide the user with a means of switching to another display mode.

When the display member is missing, or if there is no valid display member, the user agent uses the browser display mode as the default display mode. As such, the user agent is REQUIRED to support the browser display mode.

Each display mode, except browser, has a fallback display mode, which is the display mode that the user agent can try to use if it doesn't support a particular display mode. If the user agent does support a fallback display mode, then it checks to see if it can use that display mode's fallback display mode. This creates a fallback chain, with the default display mode (browser) being the last item in the chain.

For example, Awesome Browser only supports the minimal-ui and browser display modes, but a developer declares that she wants fullscreen in the manifest. In this case, the user agent will first check if it supports fullscreen (it doesn't), so it falls back to standalone (which it also doesn't support), and ultimately falls back to minimal-ui.

The display modes values and their corresponding fallback display modes are as follows:

fullscreen
Opens the web application without any user agent chrome and takes up the entirety of the available display area.
The fallback display mode for fullscreen is standalone.
standalone
Opens the web application to look and feel like a standalone native application. This can include the application having a different window, its own icon in the application launcher, etc. In this mode, the user agent will exclude UI elements for controlling navigation, but can include other UI elements such as a status bar.
The fallback display mode for standalone is minimal-ui.
minimal-ui
This mode is similar to fullscreen, but provides the end-user with some means to access a minimal set of UI elements for controlling navigation (i.e., back, forward, reload, and perhaps some way of viewing the document's address). A user agent can include other platform specific UI elements, such as "share" and "print" buttons or whatever is customary on the platform and user agent.
The fallback display mode for minimal-ui is browser.
browser
Opens the web application using the platform-specific convention for opening hyperlinks in the user agent (e.g., in a browser tab or a new window).
The browser display mode doesn't have a fallback display mode (conforming user agents are required to support the browser display mode).
Note

The fullscreen display mode is orthogonal to, and works independently of, the [WHATWG-FULLSCREEN ] API. The fullscreen display mode affects the fullscreen state of the browser window, while the [WHATWG-FULLSCREEN ] API operates on an element contained within the viewport. As such, a web application can have its display mode set to fullscreen, while document.fullScreenElement returns null, and fullscreenEnabled returns false.

5.1 Privacy and security considerations

When the fullscreen display mode is applied, it is RECOMMENDED that the user agent provides the end-user a means to consult common information about the web application, such as the origin, start and/or current URL, granted permissions, and associated icon. How such information is exposed to end-users is left up to implementers.

Additionally, when applying a manifest that sets the display mode to anything except "browser", it is RECOMMENDED that the user agent clearly indicate to the end-user that their are leaving the normal browsing context of a web browser. Ideally, launching or switching to a web application is performed in a manner that is consistent with launching or switching to other applications in the host platform. For example, a long and obvious animated transition, or speaking the text "Launching application X".

5.2 The 'display-mode' media feature

The display-mode media feature represents, via a CSS media query [MEDIAQ ], the display mode of the web application. This media feature applies to the top-level browsing context and any child browsing contexts. Child browsing contexts reflect the display mode of the top-level browsing context.

A user agent MUST expose the 'display-mode' media feature irrespective of whether a manifest is being applied to a browsing context. For example, if the end-user puts the whole user agent into fullscreen, then the user agent would reflect this change to CSS and scripts via the 'display-mode' media feature.

Note

Please note that the fullscreen display mode is not directly related to the CSS :fullscreen pseudo-class specified in the [WHATWG-FULLSCREEN ] API. The :fullscreen pseudo-class matches exclusively when a [HTML ] element is put into the fullscreen element stack. However, a side effect of calling the requestFullscreen() method on an element using the [WHATWG-FULLSCREEN ] API is that the browser window can enter a fullscreen mode at the OS -level. In such a case, both :fullscreen and (display-mode: fullscreen) will match.

On some platforms, it is possible for a user to put a browser window into fullscreen without the aid of the [WHATWG-FULLSCREEN ] API. When this happens, the :fullscreen pseudo class will not match, but (display-mode: fullscreen) will match. This is exemplified in CSS code below.

@media all and (display-mode: fullscreen) {
 ...
}
#game:fullsceen{
 ...
}
Value:
fullscreen | standalone | minimal-ui | browser
Applies to:
visual media types
Accepts min/max prefixes:
No

A user agent MUST reflect the applied display mode of the web application via a CSS media query [MEDIAQ ].

5.2.1 Examples

An example in CSS:

@media all and (display-mode: minimal-ui) {
}
@media all and (display-mode: standalone) {
}

Accessing the display-mode media feature in ECMAScript through matchMedia() of [cssom-view ]:

const standalone = matchMedia( '(display-mode: standalone)' );
standalone.onchange = (e) => {
}
if (standalone.matches) {
}

5.2.2 Security and privacy considerations

The 'display-mode' media feature allows an origin access to aspects of a user’s local computing environment and, together with the display member, allows an origin some measure of control over a user agent’s native UI: Through a CSS media query, a script can know the display mode of a web application. An attacker could, in such a case, exploit the fact that an application is being displayed in fullscreen to mimic the user interface of another application.

Furthermore, by neglecting to define a scope member in the manifest, it's possible to put a web application into a display mode that persists cross-origin (for legacy reasons, this is the default behavior). In case where the navigation scope is unbounded, it is left to the user agent to either stop applying the manifest when a cross-origin navigation occurs or to show some sort of security warning to the user.

6. Associating a resource with a manifest

A resource is said to be associated with a manifest if the resource representation, an HTML document, has a manifest link relationship.

6.1 Linking to a manifest

The manifest keyword can be used with a [HTML ] link element. This keyword creates an external resource link.

Link type Effect on... Brief description
link a and area
manifest External Resource not allowed Imports or links to a manifest.

The media type for a manifest serves as the default media type for resources associated with the manifest link type.

Note

In cases where more than one link element with a manifest link type appears in a Document, the user agent uses the first link element in tree order and ignores all subsequent link element with a manifest link type (even if the first element was erroneous). See the steps for obtaining a manifest.

To obtain a manifest, the user agent MUST run the steps for obtaining a manifest. The appropriate time to obtain the manifest is left up to implementations. A user agent MAY opt to delay fetching a manifest until after the document and its other resources have been fully loaded (i.e., to not delay the availability of content and scripts required by the document).

A manifest is obtained and applied regardless of the media attribute of the link element matches the environment or not.

7. Manifest life-cycle

This section defines algorithms for obtaining, processing, and applying a manifest.

7.1 Obtaining a manifest

The steps for obtaining a manifest are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm, if successful, returns a processed manifest and the manifest URL; otherwise, it terminates prematurely and returns nothing. In the case of nothing being returned, the user agent MUST ignore the manifest declaration. In running these steps, a user agent MUST NOT delay the load event.

  1. From the Document of the top-level browsing context, let manifest link be the first link element in tree order whose rel attribute contains the token manifest.
  2. If manifest link is null, terminate this algorithm.
  3. If manifest link's href attribute's value is the empty string, then abort these steps.
  4. Let manifest URL be the result of parsing the value of the href attribute, relative to the element's base URL. If parsing fails, then abort these steps.
  5. Let request be a new [FETCH ] request, whose URL is manifest URL, and whose context is "manifest".
  6. If the manifest link's crossOrigin attribute's value is 'use-credentials', then set request's credentials to 'include'.
  7. Await the result of performing a fetch with request, letting response be the result.
  8. If response is a network error, terminate this algorithm.
  9. Let manifest be the result of running the steps for processing a manifest with response's body as the text, manifest URL, and the URL that represents the address of the top-level browsing context.
  10. Return manifest and manifest URL.
Note

Authors are encouraged to use the HTTP cache directives to explicitly cache the manifest. For example, the following response would cause a cached manifest to be used 30 days from the time the response is sent:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=2592000
Content-Type: application/manifest+json
{
 "lang": "en",
 "name": "Super Racer 2000",
 "start_url": "/start.html",
 "display": "fullscreen",
 "orientation": "landscape"
}

7.1.1 Content security policy

A user agent MUST support [CSP3 ].

The manifest-src and default-src directives govern the origins from which a user agent can fetch a manifest. As with other directives, by default the manifest-src directive is *, meaning that a user agent can, [FETCH ]'s CORS permitting, fetch the manifest cross-domain. Remote origins (e.g., a CDN) wanting to host manifests for various web applications will need to include the appropriate CORS response header in their HTTP response (e.g., Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://example.com).

manifest-src directive example illustrated
Figure 1 For a [HTML ] document, [CSP3 ]'s manifest-src directive controls the sources from which a [HTML ] document can load a manifest from. The same CSP policy's img-src directive controls where the icon's images can be fetched from.

7.2 Processing the manifest

When instructed to issue a developer warning, the user agent MAY report the conformance violation to the developer in a user-agent-specific manner (e.g., report the problem in an error console), or MAY ignore the error and do nothing.

When instructed to ignore, the user agent MUST act as if whatever manifest, member, or value caused the condition is absent.

The following algorithm provides an extension point: other specifications that add new members to the manifest are encouraged to hook themselves into this specification at this point in the algorithm.

Note

The extension point is meant to help avoid issues related to monkey patching.

The steps for processing a manifest are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a text string as an argument, which represents a manifest, and a URL manifest URL, which represents the location of the manifest, and a URL document URL. The output from inputting an JSON document into this algorithm is a processed manifest .

  1. Let parsed manifest be an empty object.
  2. Let manifest be the result of parsing text. If parsing throws an error:
    1. Issue a developer warning with any details pertaining to the JSON parsing error.
    2. Set manifest to be the result of parsing the string "{}".
  3. If Type(manifest) is not "object":
    1. Issue a developer warning that the manifest needs to be an object.
    2. Set manifest to be the result of parsing the string "{}".
  4. Extension point: process any proprietary and/or other supported members at this point in the algorithm.
  5. Let the default direction of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the dir member with manifest as the argument.
  6. Let start URL of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the start_url member with manifest, manifest URL, and document URL as arguments.
  7. Let display mode of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the display member with manifest as the argument.
  8. Let orientation of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the orientation member with manifest and display mode as arguments.
  9. Let name of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the name member with manifest as the argument.
  10. Let description of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the description member with manifest as the argument.
  11. Let language of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the lang member with manifest as the argument.
  12. Let short name of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the short_name member with manifest as the argument.
  13. Let icons of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing an array of images with manifest, manifest URL, and "icons" as arguments.
  14. Let scope of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the scope member with manifest, manifest URL, document URL, start URL as arguments.
  15. Let related applications of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the related_applications member with manifest as argument.
  16. Let prefer related applications of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the prefer_related_applications member with manifest as argument.
  17. Let theme color of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the theme_color member with manifest as argument.
  18. Let background_color of parsed manifest be the result of running the steps for processing the background_color member with manifest as argument.
  19. Return parsed manifest.

7.3 Applying the manifest

A manifest is applied to a top-level browsing context, meaning that the members of the manifest are affecting the presentation or behavior of a browsing context.

A top-level browsing context that has a manifest applied to it is referred to as an application context.

If an application context is created as a result of the user agent being asked to navigate to a deep link, the user agent MUST immediately navigate to the deep link with replacement enabled. Otherwise, when the application context is created, the user agent MUST immediately navigate to the start URL with replacement enabled.

Please note that the start URL is not necessarily the value of the start_url member: the user or user agent could have changed it when the application was added to home-screen or otherwise bookmarked.

The appropriate time to apply a manifest is when the application context is created and before navigation to the start URL begins.

7.4 Updating the manifest

8. Manifest and its members

A manifest is a JSON document that contains startup parameters and application defaults for when a web application is launched. A manifest consists of a top-level object that contains zero or more members. Each of the members are defined below, as well as how their values are processed.

Every manifest has an associated manifest URL, which the [WHATWG-URL ] from which the manifest was fetched.

8.1 dir member

The dir member specifies the base direction for the directionality-capable members of the manifest. The dir member's value can be set to one of the text-direction values.

The directionality-capable members are:

The text-direction values are the following, implying that the value of the directionality-capable members is by default:

ltr
left-to-right text.
rtl
right-to-left text.
auto
programmatically determined from the value of the member.

When displaying the directionality-capable members to an end-user, the user agent MUST use the base direction to compute directional runs and layout or position text correctly in text containing mixed-direction sequences [BIDI ]. When the base direction is "auto" the user agent MUST run the steps to programmatically determine the directionality of a member - and use the resulting text-direction value to assist in displaying the value of the member.

The steps to programmatically determine the directionality of a member are as follows. The algorithm takes the value of a member.

  1. Find the first character (in logical order) of the value that is of bidirectional character type L, AL, or R [BIDI ].
  2. If such a character is found and it is of bidirectional character type AL or R, return "rtl".
  3. Otherwise, return "ltr".

The steps for processing the dir member is given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns one of the text-direction values.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "dir".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. If Type(value) is "undefined", return "auto".
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value), covert to lower-case, and let direction be the result.
  4. If direction not one one the text-direction values, then:
    1. issue a developer warning that the value is invalid.
    2. Return "auto".
  5. Return direction.

8.2 lang member

The lang member is a language tag (string) that specifies the primary language for the values of the manifest's directionality-capable members (as knowing the language can also help with directionality).

A language tag is a string that matches the production of a Language-Tag defined in the [BCP47 ] specifications (see the IANA Language Subtag Registry for an authoritative list of possible values, see also the Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 country codes). That is, a language range is composed of one or more subtags that are delimited by a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS ("-"). For example, the 'en-AU' language range represents English as spoken in Australia, and 'fr-CA' represents French as spoken in Canada. Language tags that meet the validity criteria of [RFC5646 ] section 2.2.9 that can be verified without reference to the IANA Language Subtag Registry are considered structurally valid.

The steps for processing the lang member is given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "lang".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value) and let tag be the result.
  4. If calling IsStructurallyValidLanguageTag with tag as the argument returns false, then:
    1. issue a developer warning that the value is invalid.
    2. Return undefined.
  5. Otherwise, return the result of calling the CanonicalizeLanguageTag abstract operation, passing tag as the argument.

8.3 name member

The name member is a string that represents the name of the web application as it is usually displayed to the user (e.g., amongst a list of other applications, or as a label for an icon).

The steps for processing the name member is given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "name".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value) and return the result.

8.4 short_name member

The short_name member is a string that represents a short version of the name of the web application. It is intended to be used where there is insufficient space to display the full name of the web application.

The steps for processing the short_name member is given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "short_name".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value) and return the result.

8.5 description member

The description member allows the developer to describe the purpose of the web application.

The steps for processing the description member is given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "description".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value) and return the result.

8.6 scope member

The scope member is a string that represents the navigation scope of this web application's application context.

The steps for processing the scope member is given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest manifest, a URL manifest URL , a URL document URL, and a URL start URL . This algorithm returns a URL or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of the manifest with argument "scope".
  2. Let type be Type(value).
  3. If type is not "string" or value is the empty string, then:
    1. If type is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is unsupported.
    2. Return undefined.
  4. Let scope URL be a new URL using value as input and manifest URL as the base URL.
  5. If scope URL is failure:
  6. If scope URL is not same origin as document URL:
    1. Issue a developer warning that the scope needs to be same-origin as Document of the application context.
    2. Return undefined.
  7. If start URL is not within scope of scope URL:
    1. Issue a developer warning that the start URL is not within scope of the navigation scope.
    2. Return undefined.
  8. Otherwise, return scope URL.

8.7 icons member

The icons member is an array of image objects that can serve as iconic representations of the web application in various contexts. For example, they can be used to represent the web application amongst a list of other applications, or to integrate the web application with an OS's task switcher and/or system preferences.

Note

The icons member is processed using the steps for processing an array of images.

If there are multiple equally appropriate icons in icons, a user agent MUST use the last one declared in order at the time that the user agent collected the list of icons. If the user agent tries to use an icon but that icon is determined, upon closer examination, to in fact be inappropriate (e.g. because its content type is unsupported), then the user agent MUST try the next-most-appropriate icon as determined by examining the image object's members.

In the following example, the developer has made the following choices about the icons associated with the web application:

  • The developer has included two icons at the same size, but in two different formats. One is explicitly marked as WebP through the type member. If the user agent doesn't support WebP, it falls back to the second icon of the same size. The media type of this icon can then be either determined via a HTTP header, or can be sniffed by the user agent once the first few bytes of the icon are received.
  • The developer wants to use an SVG for greater than or equal to 257x257px. She has found that the SVG file looks too blurry at small sizes, even on high-density screens. To deal with this problem, she's included an SVG icon that is only used when the dimensions are at least 257px. Otherwise, the user agent uses the ICO file (hd_hi.ico), which includes a gamut of raster icons individually tailored for small display sizes.
{
 "icons": [
 {
 "src": "icon/lowres.webp",
 "sizes": "48x48",
 "type": "image/webp"
 },{
 "src": "icon/lowres",
 "sizes": "48x48"
 },{
 "src": "icon/hd_hi.ico",
 "sizes": "72x72 96x96 128x128 256x256"
 },{
 "src": "icon/hd_hi.svg",
 "sizes": "257x257"
 }]
 }

8.8 display member

The display member is a string, whose value is one of display modes values. The item represents the developer's preferred display mode for the web application. When the member is missing or erroneous, the user agent MUST use the fallback display mode.

The steps for processing the display member are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest manifest as an argument, and returns a string.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest passing "display" as the argument.
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is unsupported.
    2. Return the fallback display mode's value.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value), covert to lower-case, and set value to be the result.
  4. If value does not match one of the display modes values:
    1. issue a developer warning that the value is unsupported.
    2. Return the fallback display mode's value.
  5. Return value.

8.9 orientation member

The orientation member is a string that serves as the default orientation for all top-level browsing contexts of the web application. The possible values are those of the OrientationLockType enum defined in [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ].

If the user agent honors the value of the orientation member as the default orientation, then that serves as the default orientation for the life of the web application (unless overridden by some other means at runtime). This means that the user agent MUST return the orientation to the default orientation any time the orientation is unlocked [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ] or the top-level browsing context is navigated.

Although the specification relies on the [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ]'s OrientationLockType, it is OPTIONAL for a user agent to implement the [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ] API. Supporting the [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ] API is, of course, RECOMMENDED .

Certain UI/UX concerns and/or platform conventions will mean that some screen orientations and display modes cannot be used together . Which orientations and display modes cannot be used together is left to the discretion of implementers. For example, for some user agents, it might not make sense to change the default orientation of an application while in browser display mode.

Note

Once the web application is running, other means can change the orientation of a top-level browsing context (such as via [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ] API).

The steps for processing the orientation member are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest manifest and display mode display mode as an argument, and returns a string.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "orientation".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value), covert to lower-case, and set value to be the result.
  4. If value is not one of the OrientationLockType enum values, or value is unsupported by the user agent, or the value cannot be used together with display mode:
    1. Issue a developer warning.
    2. Return undefined.
  5. Return value.

8.10 start_url member

The start_url member is a string that represents the start URL , which is URL that the developer would prefer the user agent load when the user launches the web application (e.g., when the user clicks on the icon of the web application from a device's application menu or homescreen).

The start_url member is purely advisory, and a user agent MAY ignore it or provide the end-user the choice not to make use of it. A user agent MAY also allow the end-user to modify the URL when, for instance, a bookmark for the web application is being created or any time thereafter.

The steps for processing the start_url member are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest manifest, a URL manifest URL , and a URL document URL. This algorithm returns a URL.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of the manifest with argument "start_url".
  2. Let type be Type(value).
  3. If type is not "string" or value is the empty string:
    1. If type is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is unsupported.
    2. Return a new URL whose input is document URL.
  4. Let url be a new URL using value as input and manifest URL as the base URL.
  5. If url is failure:
  6. If url is not same origin as document URL:
    1. Issue a developer warning that the start_url needs to be same-origin as Document of the top-level browsing context.
    2. Return a new URL whose input is document URL.
  7. Otherwise, return url.

For example, if the value of start_url is ../start_point.html, and the manifest's URL is https://example.com/resources/manifest.webmanifest, then the result of URL parsing would be https://example.com/start_point.html.

8.10.1 Privacy consideration: start_url tracking

It's conceivable that the start_url could be crafted to indicate that the application was launched from outside the browser (e.g., "start_url": "index.html?launcher=homescreen"). This can be useful for analytics and possibly other customizations. However, it is also conceivable that developers could encode strings into the start_url that uniquely identify the user (e.g., a server assigned UUID). This is fingerprinting/privacy sensitive information that the user might not be aware of.

Given the above, it RECOMMENDED that, upon installation, or any time thereafter, a user agent allow the user to inspect and, if necessary, modify the start URL of an application.

8.11 theme_color member

The theme_color member serves as the default theme color for an application context. What constitutes a theme color is defined in [HTML ].

If the user agent honors the value of the theme_color member as the default theme color, then that color serves as the theme color for all browsing contexts to which the manifest is applied. However, a document may override the default theme color through the inclusion of a valid [HTML ] meta element whose name attribute is "theme-color".

The steps for processing the theme_color member are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "theme_color".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, let potential color be the result of running [CSS-SYNTAX-3 ]'s parse a component value algorithm with value as input. If parsing returns a syntax error, return undefined.
  4. Let color be the result of attempting to parse potential color as a CSS color, as per [CSS-SYNTAX-3 ]. If parsing fails:
    1. Issue a developer warning.
    2. Return undefined.
  5. Return color.

8.14 background_color member

The background_color member describes the expected background color of the web application. It repeats what is already available in the application stylesheet but can be used by the user agent to draw the background color of a web application for which the manifest is known before the files are actually available, whether they are fetched from the network or retrieved from disk.

The background_color member is only meant to improve the user experience while a web application is loading and MUST NOT be used by the user agent as the background color when the web application's stylesheet is available.

The steps for processing the background_color member are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest as an argument. This algorithm returns a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with argument "background_color".
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, let potential color be the result of running [CSS-SYNTAX-3 ]'s parse a component value algorithm with value as input. If parsing returns a syntax error, return undefined.
  4. Let color be the result of attempting to parse potential color as a CSS color, as per [CSS-SYNTAX-3 ]. If parsing fails:
    1. Issue a developer warning.
    2. Return undefined.
  5. Return color.

9. Image object and its members

Each image object represents an image that is used as part of a web application, suitable to use in various contexts depending on the semantics of the member that is using the object (e.g., an icon that is part of an application menu, etc.). For an image object, this specification provides developers with a means of specifying the dimensions, and media type of an image (i.e., a "responsive image" solution [respimg-usecases ]). A user agent can use these values to select an image that is best suited to display on the end-user's device or most closely matches the end-user's preferences.

9.1 Fetching image objects

To fetch an image object, the user agent MUST run the steps to fetch an image object. The algorithm takes an image object, the manifest URL, and the document (Document) from which the manifest was linked. It returns a Response:

  1. Let request be a new Request.
  2. Set the following properties of request:
    1. url is set to image object's URL.
    2. initiator is "manifest".
    3. type is "image".
    4. cors is "no-cors".
    5. referrer is manifest URL.
    6. client is document.
  3. Perform a fetch using request and return the response.

9.2 Content security policy of image objects

The security policy that governs whether a user agent can fetch an icon image is governed by the img-src directive [CSP3 ] associated with the manifest's owner Document.

For example, given the following img-src directive in the Content-Security-Policy HTTP header of the manifest's owner Document:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Security-Policy: img-src icons.example.com
<!doctype>
<html>
<link rel="manifest" href="manifest.webmanifest">

And given the following manifest.webmanifest:

{
 "name": "custom manifest",
 "start_url": "http://boo",
 "icons": [{
 "src": "//icons.example.com/lowres"
 },
 {
 "src": "//other.com/hi-res"
 }]
}

The fetching of icon resources from icons.example.com/lowres would succeed, while fetching from other.com/hi-res would fail.

9.3 sizes member

The sizes member of an image object is a string consisting of an unordered set of unique space-separated tokens which are ASCII case-insensitive that represents the dimensions of an image. Each keyword is either an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "any", or a value that consists of two valid non-negative integers that do not have a leading U+0030 DIGIT ZERO (0) character and that are separated by a single U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X or U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X character. The keywords represent icon sizes in raw pixels (as opposed to CSS pixels). When multiple image objects are available, a user agent MAY use the value to decide which icon is most suitable for a display context (and ignore any that are inappropriate).

The steps for processing a sizes member of an image are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes an image object image. This algorithm will return a set.

  1. Let sizes be an empty set.
  2. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of image passing " sizes" as the argument.
  3. Let type be Type(value).
  4. If type is not "string", then:
    1. If type is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is unsupported.
    2. Return undefined.
  5. Otherwise, parse value as if it was a [HTML ] sizes attribute and let keywords be the result.
  6. For each keyword in keywords:
    1. Convert keyword to ASCII lowercase and add the resulting string to sizes.
  7. Return sizes.

9.4 src member

The src member of an image object is a URL from which a user agent can fetch the image's data.

The steps for processing the src member of an image are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a image object icon, and a URL manifest URL , which is the URL from which the manifest was fetched. This algorithm will return a URL or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of image passing " src" as the argument.
  2. Let type be Type(value).
  3. If type is not "string", then:
    1. If type is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is unsupported.
    2. Return undefined.
  4. If Trim(value) is the empty string, then return undefined.
  5. Otherwise, parse value using manifest URL as the base URL and return the result.

9.5 type member

The type member of an image object is a hint as to the media type of the image. The purpose of this member is to allow a user agent to ignore images of media types it does not support.

There is no default MIME type for image objects. However, for the purposes of determining the type of the resource, user agents must expect the resource to be an image.

The steps for processing the type member of an image are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes an image object as an argument, and returns either a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of potential image passing "type" as the argument.
  2. Let type be Type(value).
  3. If type is not "string", then:
    1. If type is not "undefined", issue a developer warning that the type is unsupported.
    2. Return undefined.
  4. Trim(value) and set value to be resulting string.
  5. If value is not a valid MIME type or the value of type is not a supported media format, issue a developer warning and return undefined.
  6. Return value.

9.6 Processing an array of images

The steps for processing an array of images are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes a manifest, a URL manifest URL, which is the URL from which the manifest was fetched, and a string that represents the member name of the member which contains the array of image objects. This algorithm returns a list of image objects, which can be empty.

  1. Let images be an empty list.
  2. Let unprocessed images be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of manifest with member name as the argument.
  3. If unprocessed images is an array, then:
    1. From unprocessed images, filter out any item where HasOwnProperty(item,"src") returns false.
    2. For each potential image in the array:
      1. Let src be the result of running the steps for processing the src member of an image with potential image and manifest URL.
      2. If src is undefined, move onto the next item in images (if any are left).
      3. Otherwise, let image be an object with properties src, type, and sizes. All properties initially set to undefined.
      4. Set image's src property to be src.
      5. Let type be the result of running the steps for processing the type member of an image passing potential image.
      6. If type is not undefined, set image's type property to be type.
      7. Let sizes be the list that result from running the steps for processing a sizes member of an image passing potential image.
      8. If sizes is not undefined, set image's sizes property to be sizes.
      9. Append image to images.
  4. Otherwise, if unprocessed images is not undefined:
    1. Issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
  5. Return images.

10. Application object and its members

Each application object represents an application related to the web application. An application object has three properties: a platform which represents the platform it is associated to, a url which represents the URL where the application can be found and an id which can be used as an information additional to the URL or instead of the URL, depending on the platform. A valid application object MUST have platform and either an url or an id (or both).

In the following example, the web application is listing two different related applications, one on Google Play Store and the other one on the iTunes Store:

{
 "related_applications": [
 {
 "platform": "play",
 "url": "https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.example.app1",
 "id": "com.example.app1"
 }, {
 "platform": "itunes",
 "url": "https://itunes.apple.com/app/example-app1/id123456789",
 }]
 }
Issue

Where should the platform expected value be listed?

10.1 platform member

The platform member of an application object represents the platform on which the application can be found.

The steps for processing the platform member of an application are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes an application object application. This algorithm will return a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of application passing "platform" as the argument.
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value) and return the result.

10.2 url member

The url member of an application object represents the URL at which the application can be found.

The steps for processing the url member of an application are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes an application object application. This algorithm will return an URL or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of application passing "url" as the argument.
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Trim(value) and set value to be resulting string.
  4. Otherwise, parse value and if the result is not failure, return the result, otherwise return undefined.

10.3 id member

The id member of an application object represents the id which is used to represent the application on the platform.

The steps for processing the id member of an application are given by the following algorithm. The algorithm takes an application object application. This algorithm will return a string or undefined.

  1. Let value be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method of application passing "id" as the argument.
  2. If Type(value) is not "string":
    1. If Type(value) is not "undefined", optionally issue a developer warning that the type is not supported.
    2. Return undefined.
  3. Otherwise, Trim(value) and return the result.

11. Common conventions and dependencies

The [[GetOwnProperty]] operation and the abstract operation hasOwnProperty , parseFloat(string) function, and the Type(x) notation are defined in [ECMASCRIPT ].

When instructed to Trim(x), a user agent MUST behave as if [ECMASCRIPT ]'s String.prototype.trim() function had been called on the string x.

As the manifest uses the JSON format, this specification relies on the types defined in [ECMA-404 ] specification: namely object, array, number, string, true, false, and null. Strict type checking is not enforced by this specification. Instead, each member's definition specifies the steps required to process a particular member and what to do when a type does not match what is expected.

The URL concept and URL parser are defined in [WHATWG-URL ].

The default orientation concept and the OrientationLockType enum, are defined in [SCREEN-ORIENTATION ].

The algorithm to parse a component value is defined in [CSS-SYNTAX-3 ].

The manifest-src, img-src, and default-src directives are defined in [CSP3 ].

The IsStructurallyValidLanguageTag and CanonicalizeLanguageTag abstract operations are defined in [ECMAS-402 ].

The following are defined in [WHATWG-DOM ]:

The following are defined in [FETCH ]:

The following are defined in [HTML ]:

12. IANA considerations

The following registrations are for community review and will be submitted to the IESG for review, approval, and registration with IANA.

12.1 Media type registration

This section contains the required text for MIME media type registration with IANA.

The media type for a manifest is application/manifest+json.

If the protocol over which the manifest is transferred supports the [MIME-TYPES ] specification (e.g. HTTP), it is RECOMMENDED that the manifest be labeled with the media type for a manifest.

Type name:
application
Subtype name:
manifest+json
Required parameters:
N/A
Optional parameters:
N/A
Encoding considerations:
Same as for application/json
Security and privacy considerations:

This specification does not directly deal with high-value data. However, installed web applications and their data could be seen as "high value" (particularly from a privacy perspective).

As the manifest format is JSON and will commonly be encoded using [UNICODE ], the security considerations described in [ECMA-404 ] and [UNICODE-SECURITY ] apply. In addition, because there is no way to prevent developers from including custom/unrestrained data in a manifest, implementors need to impose their own implementation-specific limits on the values of otherwise unconstrained member types, e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against running out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations.

Web applications will generally contain ECMAScript, HTML, CSS files, and other media, which are executed in a sand-boxed environment. As such, implementors need to be aware of the security implications for the types they support. Specifically, implementors need to consider the security implications outlined in at least the following specifications: [CSS-MIME ], [ECMAScript-MIME ], [HTML ].

As web applications can contain content that is able to simultaneously interact with the local device and a remote host, implementors need to consider the privacy implications resulting from exposing private information to a remote host. Mitigation and in-depth defensive measures are an implementation responsibility and not prescribed by this specification. However, in designing these measures, implementors are advised to enable user awareness of information sharing, and to provide easy access to interfaces that enable revocation of permissions.

As this specification allows for the declaration of URLs within certain members of a manifest, implementors need to consider the security considerations discussed in the [WHATWG-URL ] specification. Implementations intending to display IRIs and IDNA addresses found in the manifest are strongly encouraged to follow the security advice given in [UNICODE-SECURITY ].

Developers need to be aware of the security considerations discussed throughout the [CSP3 ] specification, particularly in relation to making data: a valid source for the purpose of inlining a manifest. Doing so can enable XSS attacks by allowing a manifest to be included directly in the document itself; this is best avoided completely.

Applications that use this media type:
Web browsers
Additional information:
Magic number(s):
N/A
File extension(s):
.webmanifest
Macintosh file type code(s):
TEXT
Person & email address to contact for further information:
The Web Platform Working Group can be contacted at [email protected].
Intended usage:
COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
none
Author:
W3C 's Web Platform Working Group.
Change controller:
W3C .

13. Conformance

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words MAY , MUST , MUST NOT , OPTIONAL , RECOMMENDED , REQUIRED , and SHOULD in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119 ] [RFC8174 ] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

There is only one class of product that can claim conformance to this specification: a user agent.

Note

Although this specification is primarily targeted at web browsers, it is feasible that other software could also implement this specification in a conforming manner. For instance, search engines, or crawlers, could find and process manifests to build up catalogs of sites that potentially work as installable web applications.

13.1 Extensibility

This section is non-normative.

This specification is designed to be extensible. Other specifications are encouraged to define new members for the manifest. However, in doing so, please follow the conventions used in this specification. In particular, use the extension point to hook into the steps for processing a manifest. Also, be sure to specify the steps for processing your particular member in the manner set forth in this specification. This will help keep this part of the platform consistent.

To allow the community can easily find extensions, please add your extensions to the Extensions Registry.

When specifying a new member, don't override or monkey patch anything defined in this specification. Also, don't assume your member will be processed before or after any other member. Keep your new member, and its processing, atomic and self contained. Note also that implementations are free to ignore any member they do not recognize or support.

If you are writing a specification and temporarily want to patch this specification to help implementations along, file a bug so the community is informed of what you are trying to do.

13.1.1 Proprietary manifest members

This section is non-normative.

Although proprietary extensions are undesirable, they can't realistically be avoided. As such, the RECOMMENDED way to add a new proprietary manifest member as an extension is to use a vendor prefix.

We encourage implementors to add proprietary extensions to our Extensions Registry. This allows the community to track what extensions vendors and/or the web community have defined and documented. Periodically, we will consider those extensions for standardization.

The following is an example of two hypothetical vendor extensions.

Example 6 : vendor extensions
{
 ...
 "webkit_fancy_feature": "some/url/img",
 "moz_awesome_thing": { ... }
 ...
}

B. JSON Schema

Developers interested in validating manifest documents can find an unofficial JSON schema for the manifest format at schemastore.org. It is licensed under Apache 2.0. It is kindly maintained by Mads Kristensen. If you find any issues with the JSON schema, please file a bug at the SchemaStore repository on GitHub.

C. Internationalization

It is expected that authors will localize the content of a manifest by using one of the following options:

Dynamically setting the language:
This can include, for instance, asking the user what their preferred language is and dynamically adding or replacing the manifest link relationship to the document based on that language preference (e.g., using a URL like "manifest.php?lang=fr").
Using content-negotiation, or geotargeting, etc. on the server:
The server that hosts the web application could attempt to predetermine the user's language by using geotargeting or by using content negotiation (e.g., using [RFC7540 ]'s "Accept-Language" header, or even a custom HTTP header).

Given the options above, developers need to be mindful of the end-user's privacy with respect to their preferred language: When the end-user has explicitly indicated their language preference to a web application (i.e., when not just using the user-agent default language settings), sending the user's preferred language in the clear over the wire is generally not OK. Doing so would reveal personal information about an end-user. As such, developers are encouraged to use [TLS ] to reduce the chances of pervasive monitoring of their Web applications [RFC7258 ].

D. Use Cases and Requirements

This document attempts to address the Use Cases and Requirements for Installable Web Apps.

E. Issue Summary

F. Acknowledgments

This document reuses text from the [HTML ] specification, edited by Ian Hickson, as permitted by the license of that specification.

Dave Raggett and Dominique Hazael-Massieux contributed to this specification via the HTML5Apps project.

G. References

G.1 Normative references

[BCP47 ]
Tags for Identifying Languages. A. Phillips; M. Davis. IETF. September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
[BIDI ]
Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. Mark Davis; Aharon Lanin; Andrew Glass. Unicode Consortium. 12 February 2020. Unicode Standard Annex #9. URL: https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/tr9-42.html
[CSP3 ]
Content Security Policy Level 3. Mike West. W3C. 15 October 2018. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP3/
[CSS-MIME ]
The text/css Media Type. H. Lie; B. Bos; C. Lilley. IETF. March 1998. Informational. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2318
[CSS-SYNTAX-3 ]
CSS Syntax Module Level 3. Tab Atkins Jr.; Simon Sapin. W3C. 16 July 2019. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/
[cssom-view ]
CSSOM View Module. Simon Pieters. W3C. 17 March 2016. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view-1/
[ECMA-404 ]
The JSON Data Interchange Format. Ecma International. 1 October 2013. Standard. URL: https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-404.pdf
[ECMAS-402 ]
ECMAScript Internationalization API Specification. Ecma International. URL: https://tc39.es/ecma402/
[ECMASCRIPT ]
ECMAScript Language Specification. Ecma International. URL: https://tc39.es/ecma262/
[ECMAScript-MIME ]
Scripting Media Types. B. Hoehrmann. IETF. April 2006. Informational. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4329
[FETCH ]
Fetch Standard. Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/
[HTML ]
HTML Standard. Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola; Ian Hickson; Philip Jägenstedt; Simon Pieters. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
[MEDIAQ ]
Media Queries Level 4. Florian Rivoal; Tab Atkins Jr.. W3C. 21 July 2020. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/mediaqueries-4/
[MIME-TYPES ]
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types. N. Freed; N. Borenstein. IETF. November 1996. Draft Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046
[respimg-usecases ]
Use Cases and Requirements for Standardizing Responsive Images. Marcos Caceres; Mathew Marquis; Yoav Weiss; David Newton. W3C. 7 November 2013. W3C Note. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/respimg-usecases/
[RFC2119 ]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119
[RFC5646 ]
Tags for Identifying Languages. A. Phillips, Ed.; M. Davis, Ed.. IETF. September 2009. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646
[RFC7258 ]
Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack. S. Farrell; H. Tschofenig. IETF. May 2014. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7258
[RFC7540 ]
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2). M. Belshe; R. Peon; M. Thomson, Ed.. IETF. May 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html
[RFC8174 ]
Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8174
[SCREEN-ORIENTATION ]
The Screen Orientation API. Mounir Lamouri; Marcos Caceres; Johanna Herman. W3C. 19 October 2020. W3C Working Draft. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/screen-orientation/
[TLS ]
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2. T. Dierks; E. Rescorla. IETF. August 2008. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246
[UNICODE ]
The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. URL: https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/
[UNICODE-SECURITY ]
Unicode Security Considerations. Mark Davis; Michel Suignard. Unicode Consortium. 19 September 2014. Unicode Technical Report #36. URL: https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr36/tr36-15.html
[WHATWG-DOM ]
DOM Standard. Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/
[WHATWG-URL ]
URL Standard. Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/

G.2 Informative references

[WHATWG-FULLSCREEN ]
Fullscreen API Standard. Philip Jägenstedt. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/