In the midst of rapid environmental disruption caused by globalization and climate changes, the influence and consequence of infectious disease outbreaks have been accelerating unprecedently to become a major threat to individual health and social well-being.

In particular, as evidenced by recent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, careful monitoring and timely intervention on infectious disease outbreak is essential to minimize morbidity and mortality. Thus, a dire need to develop a system to deliver rapid triage, diagnosis, and treatment arises, to overcome current global crisis.

Since various methodologies using artificial intelligence (AI) have proven efficient and effective in industries including healthcare, many attempts have been made to apply AI technology to better understand current COVID-19 crisis, and develop diagnostic and interventional tools. At the same time, we have observed the emergence of many technical pitfalls and challenges such as reliability of the data, trustworthiness of applications, and privacy protection.

In this report, we summarized the cases of infectious disease outbreak responses using AI-driven technology and trends of related standardization efforts. We also investigated essential elements needed to construct the AI-driven infectious disease response systems at the national and global level.

Keyword

Infectious disease outbreak, COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, infectious disease, artificial intelligence, standardization, computer-aided diagnosis, clinical decision support system, machine learning, prediction

DOI

DOI:10.22648/ETRI.2020.B.000005

I18N(Internationalization)

Korean(한국어), English

Executive Summary

Necessity of Medical AI for Infectious

Infectious Disease Disaster

Infectious Disease Response System

Technological understanding of medical AI

Necessity of Medical AI technology to cope with infectious diseases

Infectious disease disaster and medical AI use cases

Overview

Computer-Aided Detection and Diagnosis

Remote patient monitoring and prognosis prediction

Self-diagnosis test and speech/sound recognition

Chatbot

Voice Support Agent

Electronic Medical Record Interactions through Voice

Other Sound Recognition

Disease and Disaster Prediction and Monitoring

Quality of input data

Input Data Governance

Algorithm Development

Prospective clinical trial techniques

Control of disease by prospective surveillance

Contact tracking and monitoring

Digital contact tracking and monitoring spread

Short-distance contact tracking technology with enhanced privacy protection

Risks and recommendations for AI-based contact tracking

Drug Development and Discovery

Standardization Trend

Conclusion and Implications

Open Data and Open Science Issues

Occurrence statistics and case data

Government Open Dataset (Public Data)

Open Research Datasets and Challenges

Medical image data

Other issues

Standardization issues

Abbreviation

AGI
Artificial General Intelligence
AI
Artificial Intelligence
AuI
Augmented Intelligence
AIIA
Artificial Intelligence Industry Alliance
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
API
Application Programming Interface
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
AUC
Area Under the Curve
AWS
Amazon Web Services
BLE
Bluetooth Low Energy
CAD
Computer Aided Diagnosis
CAICT
China Academy of Information and Communications Technology
CCTV
Closed-Circuit TeleVision
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDSS
Clinical Decision Support System
CNN
Convolutional Neural Network
CORD-19
COVID-19 Open Research Dataset
COVID
CoronaVirus Disease
COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease-19
CPT
Current Procedural Terminology
CSV
Comma-Separated Values
CT
Computerized Tomography
CTA
Consumer Technology Association
DCTT
Digital Contact-Tracing Technologies
D.N.A
Data, Network, AI
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DICOM
Digital Imaging and COmmunication in Medicine
DL
Deep Learning
DP-3T
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
ECARO
Europe and Central Asia Region Office
ECDC
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
ECG
Electrocardiogram
EDI
Electronic data interchange
EHR
Electronic Healthcare Record
EMR
Electronic Medical Record
EMS
Emergency medical system
ENR
Electronic Nursing Record
ETRI
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EuSoMII
European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics
EWS
Early Warning System
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FHIR
Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource
FG-AI4H
Focus Group on artificial intelligence for health
GA4GH
Global Alliance for Genomics and Health
GAN
Generative Adversarial Network
GDPR
General Data Protection Regulation
GFID
Goverment-wide R&D Fund for Infectious Disease Research
HCPCS
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System
HL7
Health Level 7
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
ICD
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
ICT
Information & Communication Technology
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IHE
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise
IHR
International Health Regulations
IOM
Institute of Medicine
IoT
Internet of Things
IMDRF
International Medical Device Regulators Forum
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
IT
Information Technology
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T
ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
JEE
Joint External Evaluation
JSON
JavaScript Object Notation
JTC
Joint Technical Committee
LOINC
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes
LTE
Long-Term Evolution
MDR
Medical Device Regulation
MERS
Middle East respiratory syndrome
ML
Machine Learning
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
NSCAI
National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence
NLP
Natural language processing
OCR
Optical Character Recognition
OCS
Order Communication System
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
P2P
Peer-to-Peer
PACS
Picture Archiving and Communications System
PACT
Private Automated Contact Tracing
PEPP-PT
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
PGHD
Patient Generated Health Data
PHR
Personal Health Record
PHD
Personal Health Device
PPG
PhotoPlethysomoGraphy
QA
Question Answering
QR
Quick Response
R&D
Research and Development
RKI
Robert Koch Institute
ROI
Region of Interest
RSNA
Radiological Society of North America
RT-PCR
Real Time reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SNOMED-CT
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine -- Clinical Terms
TG
Topic Group
UNICEF
United Nations Children's Fund
UNGP
United Nations Global Pulse
VCA
Virtual Customer Assistants
VEA
Virtual Employee Assistants
VPA
Virtual Personal Assistants
WG
Working Group
WHO
World Health Organization

Appendix 2: Development cases of COVID-19 CADx system (Korea, China)

Appendix 3: Authors and Editorial Committee